①A simple example of how Transfer Pricing works一个简单的例子：Transfer Pricing 是怎么运作的
Because the products are identical, the sale to C can be used as a comparison for the sale to B. After checking for differences, such as the different sales volumes, RM150 may be treated as the arm’s length price. The price of RM100 charged to B would then be too low.由于产品完全相同，卖给 C 的价格可以用来和卖给 B 的价格作比较。在检查过双方的差异（例如销售数量不同）之后，RM150 可以被视为独立交易价格（arm’s length price），这样卖给 B 的 RM100 就偏低了。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), Example 3.1 (para 3.12)来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），例子 3.1（第 3.12 段）
Selling goods to a related party at a different price is only one example. Transfer Pricing can also arise in other common situations. Three examples from IRB’s guidelines are:以不同的价格把货物卖给关联方，只是其中一种情况。Transfer Pricing 也会出现在其他常见的往来中，以下是 IRB 指南中提到的三个例子：
- Loans between a company and its director. If a company lends money from its own funds to one of its directors, section 140A does not apply. Section 140B applies instead. The company is treated as earning interest on the loan at the average lending rate published by Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), whether or not the director is a shareholder. If a director lends money to the company, section 140A applies, and the interest must be at arm’s length.公司与董事之间的借款。如果公司用自己的资金借钱给董事，不适用第 140A 条，而是适用第 140B 条：不论该董事是不是股东，公司都会被视为按马来西亚国家银行（BNM）公布的平均贷款利率（average lending rate）赚取利息。如果是董事借钱给公司，则适用第 140A 条，利息必须符合独立交易原则。
- Loans and advances between related companies. A loan, advance or guarantee between related companies is a controlled transaction, and the interest or fee charged must be at arm’s length. Eligible taxpayers may use a simplified method that applies BNM’s published rates instead of a full comparability analysis.关联公司之间的借款和垫款。关联公司之间的借款、垫款或担保，属于关联交易，所收取的利息或费用必须符合独立交易原则。符合条件的纳税人可以使用简化方法，直接采用 BNM 公布的利率，不需要做完整的可比性分析。
- Management and other services between related companies. A service provided within a group can be charged for only if it passes the benefit test: the recipient gets a real economic or commercial benefit, and an independent party in similar circumstances would be willing to pay for the service or do it in-house. Where the test is met, the fee must be at arm’s length.关联公司之间的管理服务及其他服务。集团内部提供的服务，只有通过「利益测试」（benefit test）才可以收费：服务的接受方必须得到实际的经济或商业利益，而且在类似情况下，独立的第三方也愿意付费购买这项服务，或愿意自己内部处理。通过测试之后，收费必须符合独立交易原则。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines: Controlled Financial Transactions – Intra-Group Loans (MFTIL, 30 July 2026), paras 3.1–3.2; Income Tax Act 1967 (updated text as at 21 May 2024), section 140B; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), paras 9.1–9.2; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines: Controlled Financial Transactions – Intra-Group Loans (MFTIL, 30 July 2026), paras 3.21–3.24; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), paras 6.3–6.4来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines: Controlled Financial Transactions – Intra-Group Loans（MFTIL，2026 年 7 月 30 日），第 3.1–3.2 段；Income Tax Act 1967（截至 2024 年 5 月 21 日的更新版本），第 140B 条；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 9.1–9.2 段；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines: Controlled Financial Transactions – Intra-Group Loans（MFTIL，2026 年 7 月 30 日），第 3.21–3.24 段；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 6.3–6.4 段
This is where Transfer PricingTransfer Pricing (TP) comes in. When related companies关联公司 deal with each other, the price and terms should be comparable to what independent parties would have agreed in similar circumstances. This is called the Arm’s Length PrincipleArm’s Length Principle.这就是 Transfer PricingTransfer Pricing（TP）要处理的问题。关联公司关联公司之间进行交易时，价格与条件应当和独立的第三方在类似情况下达成的相当。这个原则称为独立交易原则（Arm’s Length Principle）独立交易原则（Arm’s Length Principle）。
The Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (IRB) does not prohibit dealings between related companies. They are normal in almost every group. IRB’s concern is whether profit is being moved to lower-tax jurisdictions through prices that are not at arm’s length, so that less tax is paid in Malaysia. Related-party transactions can be cross-border or entirely within Malaysia, and a company that has them may be asked to show that its pricing follows the arm’s length principle. This evidence is called TP documentation (TPD), or more formally, Contemporaneous Transfer Pricing Documentation (CTPD).内陆税收局（IRB）并不禁止关联公司之间的往来，因为这在几乎每个集团里都很正常。IRB 关心的是，公司有没有通过不符合独立交易原则的价格，把利润转移到税率较低的地方，导致在马来西亚缴纳的税款减少。关联交易可以是跨境的，也可以完全发生在马来西亚境内。有关联交易的公司，可能需要向 IRB 证明自己的定价符合独立交易原则。这份证明文件称为 TP 文件（TPD），正式名称是 Contemporaneous Transfer Pricing Documentation（CTPD）。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 1.1; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), Chapter 2, Arm’s Length Principle来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.1 段；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 2 章，Arm’s Length Principle
②Does this apply to my company?公司需要处理吗？
The first step is to find out whether the company has a controlled transactioncontrolled transaction, which means a dealing with a related party.第一步，先确认公司有没有关联交易（controlled transaction）关联交易（controlled transaction），也就是和关联方之间的往来。
Whether a transaction is controlled depends on the relationship between the parties. Shareholding is an important indicator, but control can also arise in other ways.交易是否属于关联交易，取决于双方之间的关系。持股比例是一个重要的指标，但控制关系也可能通过其他方式产生。
- More than 50% ownership. Control exists automatically where one company holds more than 50% of the shares or voting power in another, or where the same person holds more than 50% of both companies. Any transaction between them is a controlled transaction.持股超过 50%。如果一间公司持有另一间公司超过 50% 的股权或投票权，或同一个人持有两间公司各超过 50% 的股权，就自动构成控制关系，两者之间的任何交易都是关联交易。
- Ownership of 20% to 50%. This can still amount to control if at least one of the following also applies:持股介于 20% 至 50% 之间。如果同时符合以下任何一项，同样构成控制关系：
- the company’s business depends on the other party’s patents, know-how, trademarks or copyrights;公司的业务依赖对方提供的专利、技术诀窍、商标或版权；
- the other party decides what the company buys or sells, and influences the prices and other terms; or对方决定公司买卖什么，并影响价格和其他条件；或
- the other party appoints one or more of the company’s directors.对方委任公司的一名或多名董事。
- Family relationships. Dealings between family members, or between companies owned by family members who each hold more than 50%, can also be controlled transactions.家人关系。家人之间的往来，或各自持有超过 50% 股权的家人所拥有的公司之间的往来，也可能属于关联交易。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), paras 1.12–1.16; FAQ on MTPG 2024, Chapter 1 – Scope and Application (15 June 2026), Q2; FAQ on MTPG 2024, Chapter 1 – Scope and Application (15 June 2026), Q3 (family relationships); Income Tax Act 1967 (updated text as at 21 May 2024), section 140A(5) and (5A)来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.12–1.16 段；FAQ on MTPG 2024 第 1 章 – Scope and Application（2026 年 6 月 15 日），问题 2；FAQ on MTPG 2024 第 1 章 – Scope and Application（2026 年 6 月 15 日），问题 3（家人关系）；Income Tax Act 1967（截至 2024 年 5 月 21 日的更新版本），第 140A(5) 和 (5A) 条
If it does, whatever the amount and whether or not the dealings are cross-border, keep reading to find out which category applies.如果有，不论金额大小，也不论是不是跨境交易，都请继续往下看，了解自己属于哪一个类别。
③How much documentation is required? The three categories需要准备多少文件？三个类别
Having related-party transactions does not automatically mean a large amount of paperwork. IRB sets the documentation requirement according to the size of the business and the value of the transactions. The larger they are, the more is required:有关联交易，并不代表一定要准备一大堆文件。IRB 根据业务规模和交易金额，把要求分成三个类别，规模越大，要准备的文件越多：
No CTPD required不需要准备 CTPD
A company may be exempt from preparing a CTPD if any one of the following applies. The arm’s length principle still applies, and supporting records should still be kept:如果符合以下任何一项，可以豁免准备 CTPD。不过，独立交易原则依然适用，相关的佐证文件仍须保留：
• An individual who is not carrying on a business• 没有经营生意的个人
• An individual carrying on a business, including a partnership, whose related-party transactions are all within Malaysia• 有经营生意的个人（包括合伙生意），而且所有关联交易都发生在马来西亚境内
• Total related-party transactions in the Year of Assessment (YA) of RM1,000,000 or less, including loans and other financial assistance• 课税年度（YA）内的关联交易总额不超过 RM1,000,000（包括借款等财务资助）
• Transactions entirely within Malaysia, where neither party enjoys a tax incentive, both are taxed at the same standard rate, and neither had a loss in the 2 preceding consecutive YAs• 完全在马来西亚境内进行的交易，而且交易双方都没有享有税务优惠、都适用相同的标准税率，并且在之前连续 2 个课税年度都没有亏损
What to do: keep records that show the company qualifies for the exemption and that its prices are at arm’s length, such as quotations and invoices.怎么做：保留能证明公司符合豁免条件、而且价格符合独立交易原则的记录，例如报价单和发票。
Below the Full CTPD threshold未达到完整版 CTPD 的门槛
The company has related-party transactions but is below the Full CTPD threshold. A Minimum CTPD covers:公司有关联交易，但没有达到需要准备完整版 CTPD 的门槛。简版 CTPD 涵盖：
• A summary of the group and organisation structure• 集团架构和公司组织架构的资料
• Details of the key related-party transactions• 主要关联交易的详细资料
• An explanation of the pricing policy• 定价政策的说明
• A benchmarking study is not one of the required contents• 简版 CTPD 的必备内容不包括市场比较（benchmarking）研究
What to do: prepare a Minimum CTPD using IRB’s official Minimum TPD template.怎么做：使用 IRB 官方的 Minimum TPD 模板，准备一份简版 CTPD。
Full documentation required需要准备完整版文件
A full CTPD, including a benchmarking study, is required where either of the following applies:符合以下任何一项，必须准备完整版 CTPD（包括市场比较研究）：
• Gross business income of more than RM30,000,000 AND cross-border related-party transactions of RM10,000,000 or more a year• 营业总收入超过 RM30,000,000，而且每年的海外关联交易达 RM10,000,000 或以上
• OR financial assistance (loans, advances, guarantees and so on) between related parties of more than RM50,000,000 a year• 或者每年的关联方财务资助（借款、垫款、担保等）超过 RM50,000,000
• A Malaysian branch or permanent establishment (PE) of a foreign company, regardless of size• 外国公司在马来西亚的分行或常设机构（PE），不论规模大小
What to do: engage a tax advisor early, ideally at least 2 months before the filing deadline, because the work involved is substantial.怎么做：由于工作量较大，建议尽早聘请税务顾问，最好在报税截止日期前至少 2 个月开始。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), paras 1.4–1.5; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), paras 1.7–1.8; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), paras 11.12–11.14 (Minimum CTPD); FAQ on Paragraph 1.5 of MTPG 2024 (15 June 2026), Paragraph 1.5 FAQ; FAQ on MTPG 2024, Chapter 1 – Scope and Application (15 June 2026), Q5–Q6来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.4–1.5 段；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.7–1.8 段；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 11.12–11.14 段（Minimum CTPD）；FAQ on Paragraph 1.5 of MTPG 2024（2026 年 6 月 15 日），Paragraph 1.5 FAQ；FAQ on MTPG 2024 第 1 章 – Scope and Application（2026 年 6 月 15 日），问题 5–6
Answer the questions and the tool will take you through the relevant IRB criteria step by step.回答几个问题，工具会按照 IRB 的判断标准，一步一步带你确认。
④The cost of non-compliance不合规的后果
Non-compliance is not a one-off fine. The penalties apply for each year of assessment, so the cost builds up year after year:不合规并不是罚一次款就了事。处罚是按每个课税年度计算的，所以后果会一年一年累积：
The maximum fines could add up to RM300,000 (3 × RM100,000), with up to 6 months’ imprisonment for each year of assessment. This is on top of any tax IRB adjusts and any surcharge of up to 5%.最高罚款可以累计到 RM300,000（3 × RM100,000），而且每个课税年度最长可判 6 个月监禁。这还没有计算 IRB 调整后需要补缴的税款，以及最高 5% 的附加费。
Source: Income Tax Act 1967 (updated text as at 21 May 2024), section 113B; Income Tax Act 1967 (updated text as at 21 May 2024), section 140A(3C); FAQ on Matters Arising from Subsection 140A(3C), ITA 1967 (18 January 2024), loss and tax-exempt cases; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 11.6 (14 days)来源：Income Tax Act 1967（截至 2024 年 5 月 21 日的更新版本），第 113B 条；Income Tax Act 1967（截至 2024 年 5 月 21 日的更新版本），第 140A(3C) 条；FAQ on Matters Arising from Subsection 140A(3C), ITA 1967（2024 年 1 月 18 日），亏损和免税的情况；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 11.6 段（14 天）
If IRB adjusts the income of one party to a controlled transaction, the other party may ask for a matching (offsetting) adjustment, subject to the approval of the Director General. This was added to the Transfer Pricing Rules by the 2026 amendment.如果 IRB 调整了关联交易其中一方的收入，另一方可以申请相应的抵销调整，但须经税务总监批准。这项规定是 2026 年的修订规则新增的。
Source: Income Tax (Transfer Pricing) (Amendment) Rules 2026 [P.U.(A) 300], Rule 13(1A), inserted by the 2026 amendment来源：Income Tax (Transfer Pricing) (Amendment) Rules 2026 [P.U.(A) 300]，第 13(1A) 条（2026 年修订新增）
⑤Frequently asked questions常见问题
Does Transfer Pricing apply to a small company?小公司也需要处理 Transfer Pricing 吗？
The size of the company alone does not decide whether a CTPD is required. What matters is whether the company has dealings with related parties and whether it qualifies for an exemption. For example, if its related-party transactions for a Year of Assessment, including loans and other financial assistance, are more than RM1,000,000, the RM1 million exemption does not apply. The company must then prepare at least a Minimum CTPD, unless another exemption applies. Enter your figures into the self-check tool to see which category applies.公司的规模本身，并不能决定是否需要准备 CTPD。关键在于公司有没有和关联方往来，以及是否符合豁免条件。举例来说，如果公司某个课税年度的关联交易总额（包括借款等财务资助）超过 RM1,000,000，就不能使用 RM100 万的豁免。除非符合其他豁免条件，否则公司至少需要准备简版 CTPD。把相关数字输入自测工具，就能知道公司属于哪一个类别。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 1.5(c); Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 1.8; FAQ on Paragraph 1.5 of MTPG 2024 (15 June 2026), Paragraph 1.5 FAQ来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.5(c) 段；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.8 段；FAQ on Paragraph 1.5 of MTPG 2024（2026 年 6 月 15 日），Paragraph 1.5 FAQ
Do transactions between two companies owned by the same person count as related-party transactions?同一个人拥有的两间公司，它们之间的交易算关联交易吗？
Generally, yes. Companies are treated as controlled where the same person holds more than 50% of the shares or voting power in both. More broadly, the Guidelines treat two companies as associated if the same person takes part, directly or indirectly, in the management, control or capital of both. Transactions between associated companies are controlled transactions, whatever their size. Enter the actual transaction total into the self-check tool to see which category applies.一般来说，算。如果同一个人持有两间公司各超过 50% 的股权或投票权，这两间公司就被视为受控制的公司。更广泛地说，指南认为，如果同一个人直接或间接参与两间公司的管理、控制或资本，这两间公司就是关联公司。关联公司之间的交易就是关联交易，金额大小不影响判断。把实际的交易总额输入自测工具，就能知道属于哪一个类别。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), paras 1.12–1.13; FAQ on MTPG 2024, Chapter 1 – Scope and Application (15 June 2026), Q2来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.12–1.13 段；FAQ on MTPG 2024 第 1 章 – Scope and Application（2026 年 6 月 15 日），问题 2
Does Transfer Pricing apply if the company trades only within Malaysia?如果公司只在马来西亚境内做生意，也需要处理 Transfer Pricing 吗？
It can. Purely domestic transactions are exempt under paragraph 1.5(d) only if all three conditions are met: neither party enjoys a tax incentive, both are taxed at the same standard rate, and neither had a loss in the 2 preceding consecutive Years of Assessment. If any one of them is not met, for example because one party enjoys BioNexus status or one is taxed at the SME rate and the other at the standard rate, the exemption does not apply. IRB has also confirmed that these conditions are tested for each related party separately. If only one related company fails them, only the transactions with that company lose the exemption. Separately, an individual carrying on a business, including a partnership, is exempt under paragraph 1.5(b) if all its related-party transactions are within Malaysia.有可能。纯粹在马来西亚境内的交易，只有同时符合以下三个条件，才能根据第 1.5(d) 段获得豁免：交易双方都没有享有税务优惠、都适用相同的标准税率，并且在之前连续 2 个课税年度都没有亏损。只要有一项不符合，例如其中一方享有 BioNexus 地位，或一方适用 SME 税率而另一方适用标准税率，就不能使用这项豁免。IRB 也确认，这些条件是针对每一个关联方分别判断的：如果只有一间关联公司不符合条件，只有和这间公司的交易不能豁免。另外，有经营生意的个人（包括合伙生意），如果所有关联交易都在马来西亚境内，可以根据第 1.5(b) 段获得豁免。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 1.5; FAQ on Paragraph 1.5 of MTPG 2024 (15 June 2026), Paragraph 1.5 FAQ; IRB Q&A Compilation, TP & Tax Corporate Governance Seminar 2026, Topic 2, Q58来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.5 段；FAQ on Paragraph 1.5 of MTPG 2024（2026 年 6 月 15 日），Paragraph 1.5 FAQ；IRB 问答汇编，2026 年 Transfer Pricing 与 Tax Corporate Governance 研讨会，主题 2，问题 58
Do we still need to keep records if the company is exempt?如果公司获得豁免，还需要保留记录吗？
Yes. An exemption only removes the requirement to prepare a CTPD. The company must still deal with its related parties at arm’s length and keep the documents that support this, including proof that it qualifies for the exemption. IRB has said there is no fixed format for these records, because every business is different. A benchmarking analysis may be requested during an audit if it is the best way to show that the pricing is at arm’s length.需要。豁免只是不需要准备 CTPD。公司和关联方交易时，仍然必须符合独立交易原则，并保留相关的佐证文件，包括证明公司符合豁免条件的资料。IRB 表示，这些记录没有固定的格式，因为每家公司的情况都不同。如果市场比较（benchmarking）分析是证明价格符合独立交易原则的最佳方式，IRB 在审计时可能会要求提供。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 1.6; FAQ on MTPG 2024, Chapter 1 – Scope and Application (15 June 2026), Q4; IRB Q&A Compilation, TP & Tax Corporate Governance Seminar 2026, Topic 1, Q45; IRB Q&A Compilation, TP & Tax Corporate Governance Seminar 2026, Topic 2, Q71来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.6 段；FAQ on MTPG 2024 第 1 章 – Scope and Application（2026 年 6 月 15 日），问题 4；IRB 问答汇编，2026 年 Transfer Pricing 与 Tax Corporate Governance 研讨会，主题 1，问题 45；IRB 问答汇编，2026 年 Transfer Pricing 与 Tax Corporate Governance 研讨会，主题 2，问题 71
Can we reuse last year’s TP documentation?去年的 TP 文件，今年可以直接沿用吗？
Not without reviewing it. A CTPD must be prepared for each Year of Assessment and completed before the tax return is filed. Last year’s document can be the starting point, but it must be updated for material changes, such as a change in shareholding, business model, activities, financing structure or transfer pricing policy, a merger or acquisition, a foreign exchange movement, an economic downturn or a natural disaster. To reduce cost, the comparable search in databases may be done once every 3 years if the operating conditions are unchanged. The financial data and the suitability of the comparables must still be reviewed every year.不能不经检视就直接沿用。每个课税年度都必须准备一份 CTPD，并在报税之前完成。去年的文件可以当作起点，但必须根据重大变化来更新，例如股权、业务模式、业务活动、融资架构或转让定价政策的变化、并购、汇率波动、经济衰退或天灾。为了减少成本，如果营运条件没有改变，可比公司的数据库搜索可以每 3 年做一次，但财务数据以及可比公司是否仍然合适，仍须每年检视。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 1.3; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 11.5; Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024 (MTPG 2024), para 11.7(h); IRB Q&A Compilation, TP & Tax Corporate Governance Seminar (27 May 2025), Topic 2, Q12来源：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 1.3 段；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 11.5 段；Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024（MTPG 2024），第 11.7(h) 段；IRB 问答汇编，Transfer Pricing 与 Tax Corporate Governance 研讨会（2025 年 5 月 27 日），主题 2，问题 12
This article is a practical introduction to the key concepts. The Deep Dive page covers how profit from intangible assets is allocated (DEMPE) and how the arm’s length range is calculated. For the full rules, see the official guidelines and materials published by IRB, listed on IRB’s Transfer Pricing page.这篇文章只是介绍基本概念。「进阶精读」页面讲解无形资产的利润如何分配（DEMPE），以及独立交易区间（arm’s length range）如何计算。完整的规定，请参考 IRB 发布的官方指南和资料，可在 IRB 的 Transfer Pricing 页面查阅。