①An everyday example that explains TP用一个日常例子讲清楚 TP 到底是什么
What you've effectively done is move profit that should have shown up in Company A over to Company B - meaning the Malaysian government just collected roughly 19% less tax than it should have.你等于是把「本来应该在 A 公司出现的利润」搬家搬去了 B 公司，大马政府因此少收了差不多 19%的税。
Buying and selling goods at a friendly-family price is just one flavour of this. TP shows up in plenty of everyday related-party situations - here are a few more:买卖货物只是其中一种情况，TP 其实很常出现在这几种日常关联交易里：
- Director loans - you're a director and you borrow money from your own company's internal funds, interest-free. This particular direction isn't assessed under the usual TP rules - a specific provision (s.140B) instead deems the company to earn interest on it at BNM's Average Lending Rate, regardless of your shareholding. (If it runs the other way - you lending money to the company - then it is the general TP rules that apply.)董事借款：你是董事，从公司自己的内部资金里借钱出来用，完全不收利息。这个方向不是用一般的 TP 规则来判断——所得税法令有个专门条文(第 140B 条)，会把公司视为按大马国家银行(BNM)公布的 Average Lending Rate 赚取利息，不管你持股多少。(如果方向反过来——是你借钱给公司——那就适用一般的 TP 规则。)
- Loans and advances between companies - your Malaysian company lends its overseas sister company RM2,000,000 interest-free to help with cash flow. That "free" loan still needs to carry an arm's-length interest rate - otherwise you're quietly moving finance income out of Malaysia.公司之间的借贷/预付款：你大马的公司借 RM2,000,000 给海外的姐妹公司周转，完全不收利息。这笔「免费」的借款一样要有合理的市场利率，不然等于把利息收入偷偷搬出大马。
- Management or service fees - your Malaysian entity handles HR, IT, or admin work for a related company abroad but never bills for it (or bills a token RM1). If the service is real, IRB expects a fair fee for it - giving it away for free is still profit shifting.管理费/服务费：你大马的公司帮海外的关联公司处理人事、IT、行政等工作，却完全不收费(或象征性收 RM1)。只要服务是真实提供的，IRB 就预期你要收取合理的费用，白白提供等于把利润搬走。
Source (director loans): Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines Controlled Financial Transactions: Intra-Group Loans (30 July 2026), paras 3.1–3.2 (p.20)来源(董事借款)：Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines Controlled Financial Transactions: Intra-Group Loans(2026 年 7 月 30 日)，paras 3.1–3.2(第 20 页)
This is exactly what Transfer PricingTransfer Pricing (TP) is meant to police - whenever related companies关联公司 trade with each other, the price can't just be whatever's convenient - it has to be as fair as if you were dealing with a total stranger. This "fair price" principle has an official name: the Arm’s Length PrincipleArm’s Length Principle.这就是 Transfer PricingTransfer Pricing(TP)要管的事，只要是关联公司关联公司之间做生意，价钱就不能乱开，必须开得跟「找陌生人做生意」一样公道。这个「公道价」的原则，官方术语叫 Arm’s Length PrincipleArm’s Length Principle(独立交易原则)。
The Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (IRB) isn’t saying you can’t trade with related companies - almost every group does. What it cares about is whether you’re quietly shifting profit to lower-tax locations through unfair pricing, shortchanging Malaysia on tax. So the moment you have cross-border - or in some cases even domestic - related-party transactions, IRB can require you to prove "my price is fair, not a tax dodge." That proof is what everyone calls TP documentation (TPD / Contemporaneous Transfer Pricing Documentation).大马税收局(IRB)不是不准你跟关联公司做生意，这很正常，几乎每个集团都会有。它要管的，是「你有没有透过不合理的价格，把利润偷偷搬到税率比较低的地方，让大马少收税」。所以只要你有跨境、甚至有些国内的关联交易，IRB 就有权要求你证明:「我这个价钱是公道的，不是为了避税故意开的」。这份「证明」，就是大家常听到的 TP 文件(TPD / Contemporaneous Transfer Pricing Documentation)。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, para 1.1 (p.3) and para 2.12 (p.18)来源: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, para 1.1(第 3 页) 与 para 2.12(第 18 页)
②Does this apply to me?我会不会「中」?
There's really just one keyword: Controlled TransactionControlled Transaction. Here's how to tell:关键词只有一个:关联交易 Controlled Transaction关联交易 Controlled Transaction。判断方法很直接:
Shareholding percentage decides whether a transaction even counts as “controlled” in the first place.持股比例决定这笔交易一开始算不算「关联交易」。
- Shareholding over 50% - automatically counts as "control"; any transaction between the two parties is a controlled transaction.股权超过 50%，自动算「有控制关系」，双方之间的交易就是关联交易。
- Shareholding between 20%–50% - still counts as control if any of the following also applies:股权在 20%–50%之间，如果同时符合以下任何一项，一样算有控制关系:
- Your operations depend on the other party’s patents/technology/trademarks (IP dependency); or你的生意运作依赖对方的专利/技术/商标(IP 依赖);或
- The other party dictates what you buy/sell and at what price (your business is directed by them); or对方会指定你要买卖什么、卖多少钱(业务方向被对方左右);或
- The other party has the power to appoint at least one director on your board.对方有权委任你公司里至少一名董事。
If you do have them - regardless of size or whether they’re cross-border - keep reading to figure out which tier you fall into.如果有，不管金额大小、不管是不是跨国，都建议继续往下看，搞清楚自己落在哪一档。
③How much homework does “being affected” actually mean? - Three tiers中了要做多少功课？三个等级
Having related-party transactions doesn’t automatically mean a thick binder of paperwork. IRB scales the requirement by company size and transaction value - bigger companies and bigger transactions mean more homework:不是「有关联交易 = 一定要交厚厚一叠文件」。IRB 按公司规模跟交易金额，把要求分成三个等级，越大的公司/交易，功课越多:
Too small to worry about小到不用理
Meet any of these and you don’t need formal TP documentation (though you must still be able to show your prices are fair):符合以下任一条件，就不需要准备正式 TP 文件(但仍要能证明价格公道):
• A pure individual not running a business• 纯个人、没有在经营生意
• Total controlled transactions (sales + loans combined) in a year ≤ RM1,000,000• 一年内所有关联交易(买卖+借贷全部加起来)总额 ≤ RM1,000,000
• Domestic-only transactions where both parties have no tax incentives, the same tax rate, and no losses for the past 2 years• 只在国内交易，双方都没税务优惠、税率相同、近两年都没亏损
How: still worth keeping simple invoices/quotes on file as proof your prices are fair.怎么做：还是建议留一份简单的报价单/发票，证明价格是公道的。
You have transactions, just not huge ones有交易，但还没那么大
Not exempt, but also below the “full” threshold - this is where most SMEs actually sit:不符合豁免、但也没达到「完整版」门槛的，大多数中小企业其实是落在这里:
• Need to compile group structure and key related-party transaction info• 需要整理集团架构、主要关联交易资料
• Need to explain the logic behind your pricing policy• 需要说明定价政策的逻辑
• No need for a full market-comparison (benchmarking) study upfront• 不需要一开始就做完整的市场比较(benchmarking)研究
How: use IRB’s official Minimum TPD template and prepare a minimum TP Report.怎么做：用 IRB 官方的 Minimum TPD 模板，准备一份简版 TP 报告。
The real deal - full documentation认真的，要做齐功课
Meet any of these and full TP documentation (with a benchmarking study) is required:符合以下任一条件，就要准备完整的 TP 文件(含市场比较研究):
• Revenue > RM30,000,000 AND cross-border controlled transactions ≥ RM10,000,000/year• 营业额 > RM30,000,000 且跨境关联交易 ≥ RM10,000,000/年
• OR related-party financing (loans etc.) > RM50,000,000/year• 或关联方资金往来(借贷等)> RM50,000,000/年
• A Malaysian branch/permanent establishment of a foreign company - always, regardless of size• 大马的海外分行/常设机构(PE)，不管大小一律要做
How: if you fall into this category, speak to a tax advisor early - preferably at least 2 months before your filing deadline.怎么做：这个规模建议尽早找税务顾问，最好在报税截止日前至少 2 个月就启动。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, Chapter 1, paras 1.4–1.5 (p.3–4) and para 1.7 (p.5)来源: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, 第一章 paras 1.4–1.5(第 3–4 页) 与 para 1.7(第 5 页)
Enter your revenue and related-party transaction amounts, and the tool walks through IRB’s official decision order for you, step by step.把营业额、关联交易金额输进去，工具会照 IRB 官方判断顺序，一步步帮你走完整个流程。
④The cost of ignoring it - more than “just” a fine不理会的后果，不是罚钱那么简单
Most people assume "worst case, I get fined once." The real cost of TP non-compliance is bigger than that - and it stacks up year after year:很多人以为「大不了被罚一笔钱」，但 TP 不合规的代价比想象中重，而且是按年度累计的:
Fines could theoretically stack to RM300,000, with jail exposure up to 18 months - and that’s before counting the tax actually reassessed. Even a loss-making company can still be hit with the 5% surcharge if IRB decides the pricing wasn’t fair.罚款理论上可以叠到 RM300,000，监禁风险最长叠到 18 个月，这些还没算上被调整补回来的税款本身。就算公司是亏损的，只要 IRB 认定价格不合理，一样可以被罚 5% 附加费。
Source: Income Tax Act 1967, s.113B (p.360) and s.140A(3C) (p.395)来源: Income Tax Act 1967, s.113B(第 360 页) 与 s.140A(3C)(第 395 页)
⑤Frequently asked questions常见问题
Our company is small - surely this doesn’t apply to us?我们公司很小，应该不用理这个吧？
What matters is your transaction volume with related parties, not your overall company size. Even a small company can fall outside the exemption if its yearly related-party transactions (sales + loans combined) exceed RM1,000,000 - at minimum, you’d then need the “Minimum” tier documentation. Add up last year’s actual related-party transaction total and run it through the self-check tool to see exactly where you land.要看你「跟关联方」的交易总额，不是看公司整体营业额。哪怕公司不大，只要跟关联方(母公司、姐妹公司等)之间一年的交易总额(买卖+借贷全部加起来)超过 RM1,000,000，原则上就跳出了豁免范围，至少要准备简版(Minimum)文件。把去年跟关联方交易的实际总额加一加，拿去自测工具测一次，就知道自己落在哪一档。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, para 1.5(c) (p.4)来源: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, para 1.5(c)(第 4 页)
I own two companies myself and they trade with each other - does that count?我自己开两间公司，互相买卖也算「关联交易」吗？
Yes. If you personally hold more than 50% of both companies - or otherwise participate in the management, control, or capital of both - the two companies count as "associated persons" under the rules, and transactions between them are controlled transactions, regardless of whether you think of them as "the same owner." The law looks at shareholding/control, not personal relationships. Run this pair’s real transaction total through the self-check tool and it’ll tell you straight away which tier you’re in.算。只要你本人在两间公司都持有超过 50%股权，或以其他方式参与两间公司的管理、控制或资本，这两间公司就构成规则下的「关联方」，彼此之间的交易就是关联交易，跟这两间公司是不是「同一个老板」的自己人无关，法律看的是股权/控制关系，不是交情。拿这两间公司实际的交易总额去跑一次自测工具，马上就知道该落在哪一档。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, paras 1.12–1.13 (p.7)来源: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, paras 1.12–1.13(第 7 页)
We only trade domestically, no cross-border transactions - does this still apply?我们只在大马国内做生意，没有跨国交易，也要理这个吗？
Possibly. Purely domestic related-party transactions are only exempt when three conditions hold simultaneously: neither party has tax incentives, both are taxed at the same rate, and neither has had losses in the past 2 years. If even one party enjoys something like Pioneer Status or BioNexus, or the two are taxed at different rates (e.g. one on the SME preferential rate, one on the standard rate), purely domestic transactions still require documentation. Check your actual facts against those three conditions - if even one fails, run the self-check tool with your real numbers to see whether you land in Minimum or Full.有可能要。纯国内的关联交易，只有在「双方都没有税务优惠、税率相同、近两年都没亏损」这三个条件同时成立时才豁免。只要有一方享有像 Pioneer Status、BioNexus 这类税务优惠，或双方税率不同(例如一间是 SME 优惠税率、一间是标准税率)，纯国内交易一样要准备文件。把这三个条件对照自己的实际情况检查一遍，只要有一项不符合，就用自测工具输入真实数字，看看自己落在简版还是完整版。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, para 1.5(d) (p.4)来源: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, para 1.5(d)(第 4 页)
We did TP documentation last year - can we just copy it for this year?去年做过 TP 文件，今年可以直接照抄吗？
Not recommended. TP documentation must be updated to reflect current facts before each year’s tax filing deadline - if there have been material changes (shareholding structure, business model, financing, M&A, major FX swings, etc.) they need to be reflected. That said, the market-comparison (benchmarking) study itself can generally be refreshed every 3 years if operating conditions are unchanged - though the financial data still needs an annual check. In practice, pull out last year’s file, go through the material-changes list above line by line, update whatever’s actually changed, and re-date it before this year’s filing deadline.不建议。TP 文件必须在每年报税截止日之前「更新到最新状态」，如果营运有重大变化(股权结构、生意模式、融资方式、并购、汇率大幅波动等)都要反映进去。不过市场比较(benchmarking)研究本身，只要营运环境没变，原则上可以每 3 年才重新做一次搜寻，但财务数据每年都要检查更新。实际做法是：翻出去年的文件，对照上面那份重大变化清单逐项检查，把有变化的部分更新，再重新注明日期，赶在今年的报税截止日前完成。
Source: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, para 11.7(h) (p.172); IRBM Q&A Seminar - CTPD Challenges, Q12 (p.2)来源: Malaysia Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2024, para 11.7(h)(第 172 页)；IRBM Q&A Seminar - CTPD Challenges, Q12(第 2 页)
This page is just the introduction. For two concepts that trip up even finance teams - the 37.5th–62.5th percentile arm’s length range and who really owns the profit from an intangible (DEMPE) - see the Deep Dive page. For official source material and finer detail beyond that, the full guidelines are published on IRB’s official website.这篇只是入门。想看连财务人员都常搞混的两个观念(独立交易原则的 37.5–62.5 百分位数区间、无形资产的利润到底该算谁的 DEMPE)，可以看进阶精读。想看更多官方原文出处，可以到IRB 官网查完整的官方文件与说明。